Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Toluene, Ethylbenzene and the Xylenes

Table of Contents

• 1.0 Guidelines
• 2.0 Executive summary
  • 2.1 Health effects
    • 2.1.1 Toluene
    • 2.1.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 2.1.3 Xylenes
  • 2.2 Aesthetic considerations
  • 2.3 Exposure
  • 2.4 Analysis and treatment
• 3.0 Application of the guideline
  • 3.1 Monitoring
• 4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment
  • 4.1 Environmental fate
• 5.0 Exposure
  • 5.1 Water
  • 5.2 Food
  • 5.3 Air
  • 5.4 Soil
  • 5.5 Consumer products
  • 5.6 Multi-route exposure through drinking water
• 6.0 Analytical methods
  • 6.1 Toluene
  • 6.2 Ethylbenzene
  • 6.3 Xylenes
• 7.0 Treatment technology and distribution system considerations
  • 7.1 Municipal scale
    • 7.1.1 Activated carbon
    • 7.1.2 Air stripping
    • 7.1.3 Combination of packed tower aeration and granular activated carbon
    • 7.1.4 Ozonation and advanced oxidation processes
    • 7.1.5 Emerging technologies
  • 7.2 Residential scale
    • 7.2.1 Toluene
    • 7.2.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 7.2.3 Xylenes
• 8.0 Kinetics and metabolis
  • 8.1 Absorption
    • 8.1.1 Toluene
    • 8.1.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 8.1.3 Xylenes
  • 8.2 Distribution
    • 8.2.1 Toluene
    • 8.2.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 8.2.3 Xylenes
  • 8.3 Metabolism
    • 8.3.1 Toluene
    • 8.3.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 8.3.3 Xylenes
  • 8.4 Excretion
    • 8.4.1 Toluene
    • 8.4.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 8.4.3 Xylenes
  • 8.5 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models
    • 8.5.1 Toluene
    • 8.5.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 8.5.3 Xylenes
    • 8.5.4 Health Canada model
• 9.0 Health effects
  • 9.1 Effects in humans
    • 9.1.1 Acute toxicity
    • 9.1.2 Subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity
    • 9.1.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
  • 9.2 Effects on experimental animal
    • 9.2.1 Acute toxicity
    • 9.2.2 Short-term exposure
    • 9.2.3 Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity
    • 9.2.4 Genotoxicity
    • 9.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
  • 9.3 Mode of action
• 10.0 Classification and assessment
  • 10.1 Toluene
  • 10.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 10.2.1 Cancer risk assessment
    • 10.2.2 Non-cancer risk assessment
    • 10.2.3 Comparison of cancer and non-cancer risk assessments
  • 10.3 Xylenes
  • 10.4 International considerations
    • 10.4.1 Toluene
    • 10.4.2 Ethylbenzene
    • 10.4.3 Xylenes
• 11.0 Rationale
  • 11.1 Toluene
  • 11.2 Ethylbenzene
  • 11.3 Xylenes
  • 11.4 Analytical and treatment considerations
• 12.0 References
• Appendix A: List of acronyms

Tables

• Table 1: Physical and chemical properties of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes
• Table 2: Analytical methods for ethylbenzene, toluene and xylenes